Learning and Education

For decades, depression was widely explained as a “chemical imbalance” caused by low serotonin. This theory gained popularity alongside the rise of antidepressants and simplified public messaging about mental illness....

This article examines how kratom’s primary alkaloids work in the body, how they influence pain pathways, and what current research suggests about their mechanisms and limitations.

This article explores how ketamine affects the brain, presents evidence for its role in cognitive enhancement, outlines the risks and benefits of its use, and highlights areas for future research.

Agmatine is a naturally occurring biogenic amine produced by decarboxylation of the amino acid arginine via the enzyme arginine decarboxylase. Its multifaceted neurochemical effects have positioned it as a potential modulator...

In this article, we break down what recent science reveals about vitamin B3, its role in supporting brain energy, and whether it truly impacts cognitive performance.

This article explores the biology, proposed mechanisms, the human and preclinical evidence behind agmatine sulfate with respect to neuropathic pain, typical doses used in published work, safety signals, and practical...

This article looks to summarize the evidence on agmatine sulfate's mechanisms and potential benefits, known and possible side effects, practical dosing ranges used in studies and commercial supplements, as well...

Although the details of the gut-brain conversation are still unfolding, one message is already loud and clear: serotonin made in the gut plays a starring role in both digestion and...

This article will explain the major ways that gut microbes produce and influence chemicals that shape mood and bowel function. It will also give concrete examples and note what this...

GLP-1 receptor agonists, medications first designed for diabetes and weight loss, may work like a biological spam filter, screening out the most intrusive urges so you can respond only to...

In this article, we will look at what’s known about combining melatonin with common psychedelics, based on the current evidence available. We discuss how melatonin might enhance, dampen, or otherwise...

Methylene blue, once used to dye textiles and treat infections, is now under the scientific spotlight for its potential to enhance endurance: not just physically, but cognitively and metabolically as...

In this article, we explore the emerging evidence around how psychedelics interact with the GABA system, both directly and indirectly, and what implications this might have for mental health and...

The idea that gut microbes may be influencing mental health or even neurological disease isn't just exciting, it's transformational. Let’s explore how this invisible ecosystem within us could hold keys...

Any abnormalities in GABA metabolism, including variants in genes encoding enzymes responsible for GABA synthesis and degradation, transporters, and receptors, may lead to diseases. This article provides an overview of...