Learning & education
Far from being just a stimulant that keeps smokers hooked, nicotine plays a role in cognition, neuroprotection, inflammation, circulation, and even pain regulation. But here’s the catch: context is everything. The effects of nicotine depend on dose, delivery, and individual factors, meaning there’s a world of difference between puffing a cigarette and controlled nicotine use.
The gut is often considered the body's "second brain," with roles in mood regulation and immune function that expand beyond its primary job of digestion. It’s perhaps unsurprising that nicotine, the primary active compound found in tobacco products, has been the topic of intense research due to its wide-ranging effects on the body.
Glutathione is an antioxidant tripeptide found in nearly all eukaryotes that results from cysteine, glycine, and glutamic acid. It is present at the same concentration as glucose and cholesterol in most cells. Such a high level highlights its importance, especially when considering the metabolic activity required for its production. In this article, we'll focus on the relationship between glutamine and glutathione, specifically their interplay and glutathione's roles and therapeutic applications.
Apigenin is principally known for its antioxidant properties [3], but it also presents hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, and cytostatic and cytotoxic properties for various cancer cells. Finally, apigenin possesses antidepressant effects, and its anxiolytic properties will be the focus of this article.
Nicotinic acid and nicotinamide are different forms of vitamin B3 found in food. These compounds have identical vitamin activity; however, their pharmacological profiles differ. Indeed, nicotinamide has an amide group, notably absent in nicotinic acid, which confers different therapeutic and side effects. Depending on the country, nicotinic acid and nicotinamide are referred to as niacin and niacinamide, respectively.
The largest group of naturally occurring polyphenols are flavonoids, including apigenin, which has become a subject of interest for nutritionists, researchers, and health enthusiasts alike. Known for its potential anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective, anticancer, and other beneficial effects, it is found in a variety of fruits, vegetables, and herbs.
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