Learning and Education

Vitamin D is a steroid hormone and micronutrient that has many biological functions. It occurs mainly in two forms, D3 (cholecalciferol) and D2 (ergocalciferol), but also as the vitamin D...

If you fly with any regularity, you very likely know the feeling of being jet-lagged.  The so-called “jet lag syndrome” includes a variety of symptoms like sleepiness, headache, body pain,...

The exposome: the cumulative measure of environmental exposures and corresponding biological responses that can be derived from biological samples (blood, urine, tissue). The debate of nature versus nurture was put...

Dendrites are the branching extensions of a neuron that receive signals from other neurons and transmit them to the cell body [4,5]. Dendrites derive their name from the Greek word...

Even though cannabis has accompanied humans for almost 5000 years, it was not until recently that its mechanism in our bodies and related main actors were revealed. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD)...

New research evidence suggests that meditation can modulate brain activity, specifically via the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) [3-6]. Though this may perhaps not be surprising to devotees of the practice, in...

Have you ever wondered how your body clears cellular waste? Where do our millions of cells dump their garbage? The answer to this question is relatively simple: outside of your...

Acquiring new knowledge is beneficial for the brain, but not all types of learning can lead to the formation of new synapses. To foster the formation of new synapses, it...

There are various types of biological clocks in the body, including circadian, ultradian, and infradian. These will be discussed in depth below, but suffice to say that they serve to control a...

Do you remember the last time you did something for the first time? Maybe it was the first time you took a solo travel trip, tried to start learning a new language...

Just 1% faster. Just 1% stronger. These are the kinds of gains elite athletes strive for to be just .01 second faster than their competition. But even if you are...

Sleep is a hugely important restorative process for humans as well as all organisms across the animal kingdom. It is absolutely essential for the body, mind, memory, and learning [1].

More than a decade ago, a pathbreaking discovery showed for the first time that mature mouse somatic cells could be reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells (i.e., make them young again). The...

Mitochondria are absolutely vital to maintaining and optimizing health. When they work well, we feel well, and when they don’t, we don’t. Symptoms of mitochondrial dysfunction can vary from fatigue...

Aging is one of those simple facts of life – it affects us all. It is marked by the inevitable decline in physiological function and an increased risk of disease......